Are lithium-ion batteries a viable energy source in Africa?

Although Africa is rich in renewable resources, their use remains limited. Implementing electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and ceramic fuel cells (CFCs) can facilitate the transition to a clean energy future.

How can Africa improve its energy storage and distribution infrastructure?

Improving Africa's energy storage and distribution infrastructure. This could involve expanding or upgrading the grid infrastructure to make it more reliable, efficient, or adequate to meet the growing energy demand.

Can energy storage and conversion technologies catalyze sustainable electrification in Africa?

The review aims to enlighten policies and investments that can promote the scalability of these energy storage and conversion technologies. If strategic efforts are implemented, these technologies could catalyze sustainable electrification and position Africa at the forefront of global energy innovation.

What is the main source of electricity in Africa?

Biomass (wood, charcoal, and dung) is the primary source of energy for cooking and heating for ∼85 % of Africans [141, 142]. Diesel generators are also widely used to supplement the intermittent grid supply or provide electricity in off-grid areas, accounting for 6 % of the total electricity generation in Africa [41, 143].

What are Africa's Energy Resources?

However, Africa's energy resources are diverse and unevenly distributed Fig. 6 c. Oil is the most utilized energy source (∼42 % of the total energy consumption), followed by gas (∼28 %), coal (∼22 %), hydro (∼6 %), renewable energy (∼1 %), and nuclear (∼1 %) [4, 141].

Can Africa meet its growing energy demands while reducing environmental impacts?

Africa is currently faced with the daunting challenge of meeting its growing energy demands while reducing the adverse environmental impacts of conventional fossil-based power sources (Fig. 5 b) . Fig. 5.